Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Foreign Languages & Linguistics, College of Humanities, Shiraz University

2 . Professor of Linguistics, Department of Foreign Languages & Linguistics, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, Shiraz University

Abstract

This study deals with interpersonal media gossips in order to discover which of the two strategies, namely, politeness and impoliteness are more frequent in the context of the present study. Brown and Levinson's (1996) Politeness and Culpeper's (1996) impoliteness were used as theoretical frameworks. The data were composed of 3078 utterances containing 50230 words, talking about 10 male and 10 female famous Iranian actors. The findings showed that 2820 utterances represented impoliteness strategies while only 258 utterances contained politeness strategies. Results of statistical analyses revealed that negative strategy (60%) is the most frequently used impoliteness strategies, and positive strategy (77%) is the more frequently used politeness strategies.

Keywords

Main Subjects

مقدم‌دانا، فاطمه (۱۳۹۶). بررسی ادب در نظرات کاربران ایرانی شبکۀ اجتماعی اینستاگرام: مطالعه موردی صفحات شخصی مشاهیر مذهبی و سینمایی، پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، مرکز تهران جنوب.
Anderson, E., Siegel, E. H., Bliss-Moreau, E. & Barrett, L. F. (2011). The visual impact of gossip. Science, 332, 1446-1448.
Aslan, T. (2017). A micro-analytic study of gossip in elderly talk. Doctoral dissertation  Newcastle  niversity.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. London: Cambridge University Press.
Coates, J. (2004). Women, men and language. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Coates, J. (2011). Gossip revisited: Language in all-female groups. In J. Coates & P. Pichler (Eds.), Language and gender: A reader. (pp.199-223). United Kingdom: Wiley Blackwell.
Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics. 25(3), 349-367.
De Backer, C., & Vyncke, P. (2005). Like Belgian chocolate for the universal mind: International and media gossip from an evolutionary perspective. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation.
Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language. London: Faberand Faber.
Dunbar, R. I. M., Marriott, A., & Duncan, N.D.C. (1997). Human conversational behaviour.  Human  Nature, 8, 231–246.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology , 2(8), 100-110.
Eder, D., & Enke, J. L. (1991). The structure of gossip: Opportunities and constraints on collective expression among adolescents. American Sociological Review, 56, 494–508.
Eder, D., & Sanford, S. (1986). The development and maintenance of interactional norms among early adolescents. In P. Adler & P. Adler. Greenwich (Eds). Socio-logical studies of child development (pp. 283-300), CT: JAI Press.
Eelen, G. (2001). A critique of politenes theories. Manchester: St Jerome.
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analyzing casual conversation. London: Cassell.
Emler, N. (1994). Gossip, reputation and social adaption. In Goodman, R. F. & Ben-Ze’ev, A. (Eds.).  Good Gossip. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 119-140.
Fine, G. A. (1986). The social organization of adolescent gossip: The rhetoric of moral evaluation. In J. Cook-Gumperz, W. Corsaroand J. Streeck (Eds.). Children's worlds and children's language (pp. 405-23). Berlin: Mouton
Fine, G. A., & Rosnow, R. L. (1978). Gossip, gossipers, gossiping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(1), 161–168.
Gluckman, M. (1963). Papers in honor of Melville, J. Herskovits: Gossip and scandal. Current Anthropology, 4(3), 307-316.
Goffman, E. (1967). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements of social issue, 4, 607-888.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
Leech, G. (2014). The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levin, J., & Arluke, A. (1985). An exploratory analysis of sex differences in gossip. Sex Roles, 12, 281–286.
Litman, J. A., & Pezzo, M. V. (2005). Individual differences in attitudes towards gossip. Personality & Individual Differences, 38, 963–980.
Michelson, G., & Kathryn W. (2007). Analyzing gossip to reveal and understand power relationships, political action and reaction to change inside organizations, “Talk, Power and Organizational Change” at CMS conference, Manchester, July 2007.
Mills, S. (2002). Rethinking politeness, impoliteness and gender identity. In: L. Litoselliti & J. Sunderland (eds.) Gender identity and discourse analysis (pp. 69–89). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Mohajer, L. (2013). Gossip, power and solidarity in Iranian men talk. PhD dissertation. University of Malaya.
Morreall, J. (1994). Gossip and humor. In R. F. Goodman & A. Ben-Ze’ev (Eds.), Good gossip (pp. 56-64). Kansas: The University Press of Kansas,
Mullany, L. (2004). Gender, politeness and institutional power roles: Humour as a tactic to gain compliance in workplace business meetings. Multilingua, 23(1-2), 13–37.
Percival, J. (2000). Gossip in sheltered housing: Its cultural importance and social implications. Ageing & Society, 20, 303-325.
Rosita, D. (2001). A sociolinguistic study on speech features of female students of Petra Christian University while gossiping in campus. Published Undergraduate Thesis. Surabaya: Petra Christian University.
Rosnow, R. L. (2001). Rumor and gossip in interpersonal interaction and beyond: A social exchange perspective. In Kowalski, R. M. (Ed. .(Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships (pp. 203-232). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
Rosnow, R., & Fine, G. (1976). Rumor and Gossip: The social psychology of Hearsay. New York: Elsevier.
Schely-Newman, E. (2004). Mock intimacy: strategies of engagement in Israeli gossip columns. Discourse Studies, 6(4), 471- 488.
Slade, D. (1997). Stories and gossip in English: The macro-structure of casual talk . Prospect, 12, 43-71.
Suls, J. M. (1977). Gossip as social comparison. Journal of Communication, 27, 164–168.
Vilkki, L. (2006). Politeness, face and facework: Current issues. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 322–332.
West, J. (1945). Plainville. Columbia University Press: USA.