Dialectology
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum; Reza Heidarizadi
Abstract
Morgenstierne (1960) proposed a hypothesis about an ancient dialect in the south of Iran coexisting with Old Persian. As a piece of evidence for this, he pointed to the dialectal differences of words equivalent to the Persian word “šepeš” (louse) in Fars dialects, especially ...
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Morgenstierne (1960) proposed a hypothesis about an ancient dialect in the south of Iran coexisting with Old Persian. As a piece of evidence for this, he pointed to the dialectal differences of words equivalent to the Persian word “šepeš” (louse) in Fars dialects, especially its difference in Kalimi and Laristani dialects compared to other dialects of Fars. Based on what was recorded as “Ө” in place of “s” in some words, Rezai Baghbidi (2003) claimed that the Shirazi dialect recorded in poems in the classical texts is reminiscent of an ancient dialect different from Old Persian. Before these two, Henning (1934) had regarded the sound “Ө” (which later changed to “t”) in some Shirazi and Manichaean words as a change of the sound “s” that must have occurred in the late middle era of the Iranian history. Finally, this discussion shows that the Old Shirazi (or Fars) dialect hypothesis faces some questions, which if not answered, result in support for Henning’s hypothesis.
Sociolinguistics
Firoozeh َAsghari
Abstract
Verbal violence is one of the main topics in the field of sociolinguistic studies. The purpose of this research is to study the dimensions of gender-based verbal violence based on Culpeper's perspective. The participants in the research were female employees working in the institutions in Tehran, who ...
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Verbal violence is one of the main topics in the field of sociolinguistic studies. The purpose of this research is to study the dimensions of gender-based verbal violence based on Culpeper's perspective. The participants in the research were female employees working in the institutions in Tehran, who were selected based on purposive sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and were subsequently categorized and analyzed based on Culpeper's social cognitive theory as a postmodern approach. The findings revealed both forms of verbal violence, namely, Bald On-record and Off-record, which include humiliation, insulting, blame-shifting, threatening, flirting, and, deceptive affection. Based on the findings, men use verbal violence purposefully, intentionally, and consciously, and women perceive verbal violence as rude, hostile, and irritating. Furthermore, women’s experience of gender-based verbal violence in the workplace shows that such behavior is a self-serving tool for men to benefit from gender stereotyping in order to attack women’s face, maintain and promote men’s face, advance their sexual harassment, and at the same time, excel in workplace competitions ahead of their women co-workers. The results also disclose how “language” that is affected by social norms, gender stereotypes, context, emotions, and individual desires can become more than a communicational tool, and be used as gender-based verbal violence in the workplace.
Sociolinguistics
hamed Mowlaei Kuhbanani; Abouzar Oraki; Afsaneh Bahramnejad
Abstract
Proverbs are rooted in the culture of any language and as a result, they can be considered as one of the criteria for measuring the main elements of language. The present study also seeks to investigate the usage of color words in Persian and English proverbs based on the theory of Berlin and Kay (1969) ...
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Proverbs are rooted in the culture of any language and as a result, they can be considered as one of the criteria for measuring the main elements of language. The present study also seeks to investigate the usage of color words in Persian and English proverbs based on the theory of Berlin and Kay (1969) so that the results are a criterion for measuring the taxonomic studies in relation to the main color words of these two languages. The theory of Berlin and Kay (1969) states that there is a hierarchy of 11 universal color words as the most obvious Universalist approach to color words. The results of this research showed that despite the existence of slight differences in the hierarchies of the main global color words, the hierarchies of the main Persian color words and the hierarchies of the main English color words with the hierarchies used in the present study, significant similarities can be observed both in their number and order. As a result, it is clear that the color words that have been introduced as the main color words of these two languages based on the theory of Berlin and Kay have been widely used in the culture of these two languages for a long time and have been in a way unknown, and entered the structure of proverbs. The comparative analysis also showed that although out of the total of 11 universal color words, 8 color words are used in Persian proverbs and 10 color words are used in English proverbs, the hierarchy of colors terms in Berlin and Kay (1969) are similar.
Sociolinguistics
Maryam Shahrokhi-shahraki
Abstract
Literature, with various possibilities, deals with creating and narrating creative stories by involving experience and senses, and most importantly, by involving the dynamic mind of the potential audience, and thus confronts writers and artists with many options in how to create art. The purpose of this ...
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Literature, with various possibilities, deals with creating and narrating creative stories by involving experience and senses, and most importantly, by involving the dynamic mind of the potential audience, and thus confronts writers and artists with many options in how to create art. The purpose of this research is the cognitive analysis of grounding in the discourse of the story based on the conceptual fusion networks of Fauconie and Turner. Using the qualitative content analysis method and descriptive-interpretive approach, the present study examines the methods of adaptation and the constituent elements of the mixed conceptual network of the story of my bird from Fariba and Wafi. Fusion theory presents a systematic conceptualization of behind-the-scenes cognition that includes categorization, mappings, structural projections, and dynamic mental stimuli. The existence of multiple input spaces, various vital relationships such as identity, change, time and representation are among the things that give the bird a conceptually mixed structure. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of paying attention to the mind in discourse studies and show the extension of the application of the theory of conceptual mixing to analysis. The discourse of the novel can be effective in explaining the basic methods of literary texts
Discourse Analysis
Meisam Khalilinejad; Negar Davari Ardakani
Abstract
In this research, we try to apply linguistics studies to the analysis of novels through critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysts take into consideration those elements of discourse that are hidden medium in order to preserve power hierarchy. Contrary to descriptive-formal survey of language, ...
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In this research, we try to apply linguistics studies to the analysis of novels through critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysts take into consideration those elements of discourse that are hidden medium in order to preserve power hierarchy. Contrary to descriptive-formal survey of language, they contend that language can be used intentionally to support dominance, inequality and struggle against them as well. The novel Bamdad-e Khomaar (The dawn of lassitude) by Fattaneh Haj Seyyed Javadi is analyzed based on Theo Van Leeuwen’s research tools namely activation and passivation, nomination and categorization, identification and functionalization, differentiation, and over determination. The research demonstrates how the analysis of the novel based on linguistic research tools, which were used in this research, can help readers to understand the opinions of the novelist regarding both social classes and women.
Other Related Issues
Fatemeh Akbari
Abstract
In its old definition, onomastics, or the study of names, is a science that examines the etymology and meaning of proper names; however, in its more recent definition, it covers a much broader scope. Today, onomastics has several branches, like personal names, place names, animal names, commercial names ...
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In its old definition, onomastics, or the study of names, is a science that examines the etymology and meaning of proper names; however, in its more recent definition, it covers a much broader scope. Today, onomastics has several branches, like personal names, place names, animal names, commercial names and names in literature. In addition, it paves the way for interdisciplinary studies. As a result, it attracts an increasing number of researchers from different disciplines. This paper provides an overview of a selection of western institutions, regional and international conferences and congresses, scientific journals, academic/research centers and key references dedicated to onomastics. In the final section, the study of names in the western world is explored from a comparative standpoint and suggestions are offered to promote this branch of knowledge in Iran. This paper is especially useful for students, researchers and those interested in expanding their knowledge about onomastics in the western world.
Sociolinguistics
Zahra Momeni; Fateme Alavi; Naghmeh Hosseini
Abstract
Creating an effective language communication requires mastery of verbal and non-verbal skills. One of these verbal skills is politeness in social interactions. The current research has investigated the ways of observing politeness in classroom conversations based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) ...
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Creating an effective language communication requires mastery of verbal and non-verbal skills. One of these verbal skills is politeness in social interactions. The current research has investigated the ways of observing politeness in classroom conversations based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness. The data of the study were collected during several meetings that were held in some educational institutions in Bushehr including Azad and Payame Noor universities. The results indicate that negative politeness strategies have been used almost twice as much as positive politeness strategies, and in some cases positive politeness strategies have been used along with negative politeness. The highest frequency of negative politeness belonged to the four strategies "be conventionally indirect", "question, hedge", "give deference", and "apologize", and "notice, attend to the interests, wants, and needs of H", "exaggerate", "seeking agreement" and "give reasons" had the highest frequency of positive politeness. Examining the components of politeness in classroom discourse is effective in identifying this discourse as an academic discourse. In addition, these findings can be used in teaching foreign languages, which requires a comparative comparison of cultures and traditions.
Sociolinguistics
Parnoush Pazhoohesh; Rahimeh GorjianDardekashti; Shahin OujaqAlizadeh
Abstract
One of the new approaches of text analysis in the fields of semiotics,is social semiotics with an interdisciplinary function.One of the important theories in the discussion of social semiotics, which examines the status and function of signs in society, belongs to Pierre Giraud who classified signs in ...
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One of the new approaches of text analysis in the fields of semiotics,is social semiotics with an interdisciplinary function.One of the important theories in the discussion of social semiotics, which examines the status and function of signs in society, belongs to Pierre Giraud who classified signs in a society into identity and social etiquette.Identity marks represent the individual’s distinction from other individuals in society,which shows the organizationof society and relations between individuals and groups and is formed according tothe dominant atmosphere of society in human nature.The aim of the current research is to find the social signs of identity in Makhzan al-Asrar (The Treasury of Mysteries), a classical literary texts for studying societies, ethics and their impact on human identity, based on Pierre Giroud's view. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research extracted the social signs of identity from the stories of the Makhzan al-Asrar. The findings showed that Nizami used the identity symbols of the group, names, titles, occupations and religious in order of frequency to distinguish different types of human functions from those of society and even other beings, and showed the interaction of identity and society with each other which was reflected in the form of moral vices and virtues in the behavior of members of his ideal or contemporary society.
Sociolinguistics
fahime farazmand; Aliasghar Soltani; mohamad javad hejazi
Abstract
The higher education system of any country is one of the most important institutions because it trains the forces that take charge of the administration of the country, so wrong policies in this institution can cause serious damage to the country. One of these wrong approaches to science that has entered ...
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The higher education system of any country is one of the most important institutions because it trains the forces that take charge of the administration of the country, so wrong policies in this institution can cause serious damage to the country. One of these wrong approaches to science that has entered Iran's higher education in recent decades is the quantitative and economic view of science and the commercialization of knowledge. This research aims to show how the economic and commercial view of science is reflected in their speeches by examining the metaphor of science/knowledge in the speeches of three presidents. In terms of theoretical and methodological framework, this research is based on Lakoff and Johnson (1998) and Chartres-Black (2004). The results of the data analysis show that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad used more metaphorical discourse in his speeches compared to the other two presidents. Also, the conceptual fields of goods, place, and travel are the most frequently used conceptual fields as the origin of metaphors in the body of reference. The field of origin "goods" is the most frequently known field with 78% of the statistics extracted from conceptual metaphors. In addition, the prominence of the commercial and economic view of science in the speeches of all three presidents shows the mentality that has led to the current awkward situation in universities.
Sociolinguistics
Ali Reza Gholi Famian; Mandana kolahduz Mohamadi
Abstract
Titles, kinship terms and nicknames are supplementary words that are voluntarily inserted next to the individuals’ names and are often used to pay tribute and show the kinship relation or social status of the person. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social titles, kinship terms as ...
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Titles, kinship terms and nicknames are supplementary words that are voluntarily inserted next to the individuals’ names and are often used to pay tribute and show the kinship relation or social status of the person. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social titles, kinship terms as well as nicknames in 424 condolence letters collected from different areas in Tabriz, Iran. This paper reports a descriptive-analytical study. Findings indicate that there are many differences between using kinship terms and social titles as far as the gender of individuals are concerned. According to the findings, the frequency of social titles in the group of men (2781) is much higher than the frequency in that of women (328), which emphasizes the importance of the social roles attached to men in the genre under study. On the other hand, the number of kinship titles for women is higher, both in terms of type (51 cases) and in terms of frequency (1599), which in fact compensates for the limitation of titles and social titles for women. Regarding the reference to job titles such as "doctor" and "engineer", the frequency of job titles is higher in men corpus
Language Contact and Conflict
Somayeh Morovati; Ali Jamali
Abstract
Although there are a lot of evidence that refer to the problems of mono-lingual autistic children’s problem in telling stories and executive functions (EFs), there are not enough information regarding the effect of bilingualism on these skills in bilingual children specifically Iranian bilingual ...
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Although there are a lot of evidence that refer to the problems of mono-lingual autistic children’s problem in telling stories and executive functions (EFs), there are not enough information regarding the effect of bilingualism on these skills in bilingual children specifically Iranian bilingual children. The present research investigated and compared the effect of bilingualism on the story telling and EFs of twenty 7-12 years old bilingual and monolingual autistic children and 20 bilingual and monolingual normal children. The stories were analyzed with regard to their microstructure elements. Also, two EF tasks namely, a global-local visual attention task and a 2-back working memory task were administered to the same children. The findings of the study showed that bilingual autistic children outperformed their mono-lingual peers in story structure complexity and the use of adverbial clauses. In the global-local visual attention task and a 2-back working memory task, bilingual autistic children were faster and more accurate than their monolingual peers who were more susceptible to inference from local information in compare to other experimental groups. The speed and accuracy of bilingual autistic children were higher in compare to those of their monolingual peers in 2-back task. The correlational analysis between storytelling and EF skills showed that bilingual autistic children in compare to their monolingual peers drew on a broader range of EF in narrating stories. The results of the research showed that bilingual autistic children outperformed their monolingual peers in the production of microstructure elements, visual attention and the working memory skills.
Sociolinguistics
Ali Rasouli; Fatemeh Nemati; Mahshid Sadat Eslahi
Abstract
Historical geographical manuscripts are crucial for social, cultural, and linguistic research. One such significant text is "Ahsan Al-Taqɑsim fi Maʔrefat Al-Aqɑlim" by Abuʔabdallɑh Moḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maqdesi, which provides a detailed description of languages and dialects in Muslim communities ...
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Historical geographical manuscripts are crucial for social, cultural, and linguistic research. One such significant text is "Ahsan Al-Taqɑsim fi Maʔrefat Al-Aqɑlim" by Abuʔabdallɑh Moḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Maqdesi, which provides a detailed description of languages and dialects in Muslim communities in the 10th century. We aimed to investigate the significance of this manuscript in understanding the sociolinguistic status of Islamic communities in that era through these research questions: what is the linguistic value of Maqdesi’s reports? How do they aid in recognizing the language usage, distribution and variation in Muslim communities? A descriptive-analytic analysis was conducted on the linguistic reports from a historical sociolinguistic perspective to identify sociolinguistic themes and classify the relevant content for further interpretation. The analysis revealed that Maqdesi has studied the linguistic status of the Islamic world in a systematic and well-thought plan, and, his observations yielded a relatively clear picture of the linguistic landscape, dialectal differences, language choices and usages, and social attitude towards languages, especially in the eastern regions of the Islamic world in the 10th century. Furthermore, this research highlights the importance of comprehensive and well-categorized historical-geographical language descriptions and the necessity of reanalyzing historical-geographical manuscripts to better understand the historical sociolinguistic status of Iranian languages.
Sociology of Language Learning/Teaching
Elham Sedaghat; Esmaeil Azar
Abstract
Persian proverbs are Iranian previous generations’ wise thoughts usually in short melodic linguistic and literary especially poetic form. They often have simple meaning and structure that makes them more memorable and easy to use in oral and written communications. Many articles have investigated ...
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Persian proverbs are Iranian previous generations’ wise thoughts usually in short melodic linguistic and literary especially poetic form. They often have simple meaning and structure that makes them more memorable and easy to use in oral and written communications. Many articles have investigated Persian proverbs from different points of view. But not enough attention has been paid to the importance of these proverbs in enhancing sociocultural literacy and sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences as parts of Persian learners’ communicative competence. In this article, by the documentary method, it is paid to the role of proverbs in representing and learning some sociocultural features of Persian language (politeness, compliments, collectivism, etc.). Then, two things are suggested, a proverbial categorization from easy to hard, and Richmond’s (1987) revised model for comparing the similarities and differences between Persian proverbs and learners’ mother tongue proverbs. The results of a comparative study between Persian and Arabic proverbs in the Persian class of Arab learners are discussed.
Discourse Analysis
Sedighehsadat Maghdari
Abstract
Begging is a social trauma brought about by various factors such as unemployment, poverty, aging and disability, laziness, addiction, disease, and family issues. This research aims to analyze the representation and application of persuasion techniques in the requests of beggars on a critical discourse ...
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Begging is a social trauma brought about by various factors such as unemployment, poverty, aging and disability, laziness, addiction, disease, and family issues. This research aims to analyze the representation and application of persuasion techniques in the requests of beggars on a critical discourse analysis. The data of the study consist of Salimi's (2018) corpus of dissertation based on 20 beggars in Birjand as well as the discourse of 15 other beggars observed and recorded in the city of Qaen by the reseacher. Then the corpus was analyzed for the use of requests and persuasion techniques in the discourse of beggars in intertextual relation with two other related discourses, namely the discourse of charity and the discourse of work in the research community. The results showed that knowing the pepole's religious belives, especially the importance of alms in preventing disasters and diseases as well as the cultural importance of work value, beggars use all kinds of persuasion techniques to provoke emotions and compassion in pepole. They use a verity of methods, honestly or dishonestly such as verbal techniques including prayer, poetry, oaths, curses, and storytelling that are rhythmically expressed in a sad and effective tone, or non-verbal techniques such as staging, miserable appearance, positioning (temporal and spatial) and effective use of body language to create sympathy in the audience.
Sociolinguistics
Hamid Eftekhari; Foroogh Kazemi
Abstract
Kinship terms are one of the universal features of languages, and in addition to being a suitable indicator in sociological studies, they are of interest to linguists in terms of semantics and lexical structure. Koweldge of the ecological and taxonomic characteristics of language kinship relations can ...
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Kinship terms are one of the universal features of languages, and in addition to being a suitable indicator in sociological studies, they are of interest to linguists in terms of semantics and lexical structure. Koweldge of the ecological and taxonomic characteristics of language kinship relations can introduce us to their social structure from the past to the present time. In this research, the kinship terms of the Tehran Persian variety and Salt Lake English variety were investigated based on typological and ecological approaches. Ecological linguistics is a practical approach which explores the relation between language and the environment. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The data were collected through library research and field study. Library data were collected from the Academia website and the Dictionary of Slang Terms of Tehran and field data were collected through interviews with 9 informants in each variety. Findings show that from an ecological approach, the kinship terminology in these varieties are influenced by the environment and its surrounding factors such as geographical, cultural and sociological variables (including gender and kinship). The results show the presence, absence or diversity of kinship terms depend on the above factors, and when the language users differentiate these terms from a sexuality or ethnic viewpoint, the diversity is created. From a typological viewpoint, the findings suggest that the terms in the entire corpus mainly have a morphological concatenation strategy, including affixation and compounding. So in both language varieties, the morphological structure of the compound is more than simple and simple is more than affixation. In terms of compounding construction, juxtaposition is visible, but fusion is not seen.
Sociolinguistics
Nastaran Kiyanpour; mohammad reza oroji; Behzad Rahbar; Mehdi Bazyar
Abstract
Evaluating political speeches and analyzing their content is very important. The aim of this research is the linguistic analysis of the text of Trump's speech from the point of view of the types of process (verb) based on the experiential metafunction framework of the systematic functional grammar instruction ...
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Evaluating political speeches and analyzing their content is very important. The aim of this research is the linguistic analysis of the text of Trump's speech from the point of view of the types of process (verb) based on the experiential metafunction framework of the systematic functional grammar instruction of Halliday and Matthiessen(2004). The present is of descriptive-analytical type. In this way, the text of Trump's speech is presented in the form of six material, mental, relational, verbal,and existential processes, classification and model of the processes. The obtained results show that out of a total of 212 observation processes material process has the highest frequency with (62.7%) of the incidents, which is completely in line with the content of Trump's speech and his harsh words. It highlights Iran's efforts to develop ballistic missiles. It also refers to the sanctions and actions it will take against Iran by using the material process. , relational (13/3%), verbal (10.3%), mental (7%), existential (7.5%) and behavioral (1%).
Other Related Issues
tayyebe Fathi Iranshahi; سید محمود میرزایی الحسینی; Shirin Pourebrahim
Abstract
The present study examines some Arabic Animal proverbs based on the Conceptual Blending Theory of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) in the framework of cognitive semantics. Anderson's (2013) Cognitive Proverb Model claims that proverb meaning is the result of a number of conceptual blending through which ...
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The present study examines some Arabic Animal proverbs based on the Conceptual Blending Theory of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) in the framework of cognitive semantics. Anderson's (2013) Cognitive Proverb Model claims that proverb meaning is the result of a number of conceptual blending through which base meaning and then situational and performance meanings are constructed. Anderson's model can justify the presence of linguistic, cultural, social and situational elements in proverbs. In this research, six Arabic Animal proverbs have been selected and analyzed according to Anderson (2013) Model through a descriptive-analytic research method. The results show that the meanings of education, sermon, decree, etc. are the result of three blending processes. In the beginning, ANIMAL-HUMAN spaces are combined and through the metaphorical relationship of HUMAN AS ANIMAL, the first blended space, containing basic meaning is formed. This output is combined with the external situation space and makes the second blend involving situational meaning. Finally, the complete meaning of the proverb is created as an action in the relevant situations.
Sociolinguistics
sedighe javanmard; nayer tahoori; Hamidreza Shairi; habibollah javanmard
Abstract
Fashion is a global industry that pollutes the environment by using natural resources. Sustainable fashion is a solution to deal with the environmental risks of the fashion industry, with the aim of preventing the waste of resources in the production and consumption sectors. The data of applied and descriptive-analytical ...
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Fashion is a global industry that pollutes the environment by using natural resources. Sustainable fashion is a solution to deal with the environmental risks of the fashion industry, with the aim of preventing the waste of resources in the production and consumption sectors. The data of applied and descriptive-analytical study are collected through library research, are analyzed based on semantic semiotic approach of discourse in light of Jacques Fontaine's theory of transparency and prosthesis and Landowski’s adaptation system. The main issue is to see how fashion can create the conditions for a discourse that allows the transition from a system of destruction to an ideal system of the environment. Based on this, seven examples of brand activities have been purposefully selected and examined in terms of environmental sustainability and transparency. The results show that stimuli such as celebrities and environmentalists with their actions are able to create a desirable discourse system. It is suggested that governments and the private sectors establish companies to collect old textiles using the theory of transparency and adaptation and explanation of fashion prostheses and their relationship in the sustainable fashion industry, and protect the environment as well as contribute to job creation.
Discourse Analysis
Shadi Ansarian; Negar Davari Ardakani
Abstract
Cartoons are media tools published in many newspapers, magazines, Internet news websites and even virtual networks on various fields and themes. They play an important role in expressing and mediating different political, social, economic and cultural concepts. Conceptual metaphor and blending, as cognitive ...
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Cartoons are media tools published in many newspapers, magazines, Internet news websites and even virtual networks on various fields and themes. They play an important role in expressing and mediating different political, social, economic and cultural concepts. Conceptual metaphor and blending, as cognitive processes and communicative-discursive tools, are frequently used in cartoons. These metaphors are often pictorial or verbal-pictorial. The present study investigated a sample of political cartoons published in Fars news agency based on the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), Multimodal Metaphor Theory (Forceville, 1994, 1996, 2009) and Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002). The aim of the study is to analyze the role and importance of conceptual metaphor and blending in political cartoons to determine how cognitive, communicative and discursive aspects of metaphors interact with each other in these cartoons. The results of the research show that the metaphor ‘JCPOA is a patient’ adopted from Hassan Rouhani’s speech may give rise to several conceptual mappings between the two conceptual spaces of ‘surgery room’ and ‘JCPOA agreement’ and the argumentative function of this metaphor may well justify Iran's decision to reduce its commitments under JCPOA.
Sociolinguistics
Abbas Ali Ahangar; Seddigheh Zeynali Dastuyi; Somayyeh Mirkazehi,
Abstract
The adressee’s social dominance as well as the age of the subjects are among the factors influencing the use of type and number of request strategies by the speakers of any language. The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of the adressee’s social dominance on the type ...
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The adressee’s social dominance as well as the age of the subjects are among the factors influencing the use of type and number of request strategies by the speakers of any language. The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of the adressee’s social dominance on the type and number of request strategies employed by adolescent and young female Balochi Sarhaddi speakers based on the components of Blum-Kalka, House and Kasper's (1989) Cross Cultural Speech Act Realization Project model. Research data were collected from 60 female subjects through discourse completion test and role play. In this regard, all request strategies employed were identified, coded, described and then analyzed by Chi-square test. The results showed there was not a significant relationship in the use of type and number of strategies in DCT and role play between the addressee´s social dominance and the age of the subjects (except when the interlocutors have equal status). Moreover, the most commonly used types of strategies were pronouns, hedged performatives, grounders, and politeness markers. Also, increasing the addressee's social dominance towards the speaker resulted in using more complicated strategies by the subjects. Furthermore, new strategies such as saying "Mashaalla", "swearing" and "complimenting" were used by the subjects. Therefore, the research findings contribute to the explanation of universal and specific cross cultural-linguistic strategies based on the research model.
Sociolinguistics
Fatemeh Azimifard
Abstract
Social and cultural changes have affected people's taste to naming their children. There is no doubt about the impact of media on public opinion. In Iran, many television series have influenced the process of naming children in Iranian families, and according to Civil Registry Officials, series such ...
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Social and cultural changes have affected people's taste to naming their children. There is no doubt about the impact of media on public opinion. In Iran, many television series have influenced the process of naming children in Iranian families, and according to Civil Registry Officials, series such as Setayesh, Mukhtarnameh, Shahryar, and Narges have influenced the naming of children. The present article is an attempt to analyze the names of characters in leading IRIB television series of the national media in the 2000s and 2010s in two comedy and social genres with a descriptive-analytical approach. The names in this article are divided into five categories: national, religious, neutral Arabic, ethnic and transnational. Results shows that the use of religious and neutral Arabic names in social series is more than comedy series. Nevertheless, the tendency to select national names in both series is increasing. Moreover, different approaches were found in the choice of names between men and women.
Language and Culture
kamal nosrati heshi; Hamid Ahmadi Hedayat; Ali Shiravani Shiri
Abstract
This study aims to investigate Wittgenstein’s language games theory and its methodological implications in educational studies. This qualitative research utilized a conceptual analysis and inductive method to review the related literature. In this study, first, Wittgenstein's language games theory ...
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This study aims to investigate Wittgenstein’s language games theory and its methodological implications in educational studies. This qualitative research utilized a conceptual analysis and inductive method to review the related literature. In this study, first, Wittgenstein's language games theory and the nature of its rules were studied. Then, a set of methods consistent with the nature of research and evaluation in the fields of education science was extracted. Among the methods extracted from the theory of language games were paying attention to the social context and overcoming the dominance of quantity in educational issues, limiting the scope of research and paying attention to the interwoven networks of affairs, emphasizing distinction in the analysis of educational issues, self-imposed exile, overcoming biases, how to learn, learning the experience of educational agents in the heart of the society and finally promoting a critical view and getting rid of the habit. In general, it can be concluded that it is impossible to speak of precise, constant, and uniform steps in the methodological discussion in the same way in all situations. It can also be concluded that Wittgenstein sought to solve the problems of philosophy and the true understanding of the world by understanding the language. New generation understanding of the world can be enhanced by introducing the nature of language and its functions.
Dialectology
Razie Amiri; Mhammad Hadi Fallahi
Abstract
In some tribes of Qashqai, apart from the Turkish language, there is also a conventional language. Qashqais call this language "Qoush Dili" (the language of birds) or "Ayiri Dil" (a language that others cannot understand). In this research, while introducing the coded language of Sarui clan of Qashqai, ...
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In some tribes of Qashqai, apart from the Turkish language, there is also a conventional language. Qashqais call this language "Qoush Dili" (the language of birds) or "Ayiri Dil" (a language that others cannot understand). In this research, while introducing the coded language of Sarui clan of Qashqai, we investigate the word-making processes and some social and practical features of this language. The data were collected through field method, interview, and a questionnaire. The questionnaire was adopted from National Language Atlas Plan of Iran Permon (2006). Then, the data were analyzed according to the processes of word formation and the characteristics of Calvet’s (2009) secret language. The results were largely consistent with the proposed features of Calvet. The distinguishing feature of Ayiri Dil from Qashqai Turkish is its words. Vocabulary processes in this language include invention, borrowing, and synthesis. The results of the analysis largely agree with the characteristics proposed by Kalveh (2008). The distinguishing feature of Ayerri Dale from Qashqai Turkish is its words. Word formation processes in this language include invention, borrowing and combination. The arrangement of sentence elements as well as verbs, prepositions, and numbers is in accordance with Qashqai Turkish. The verbs in this language are made of a combination of conventional words and auxiliary verbs.
Sociolinguistics
Sara Vasheghany Farahany; Azita Abbasi
Abstract
One of the differences between men and women is their language variety. Lakoff (1975) is one of those linguists who studied women's language. To Lakoff’s, media is one of the areas that women's language can be investigated. Instagram is one of the most popular media where many people including ...
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One of the differences between men and women is their language variety. Lakoff (1975) is one of those linguists who studied women's language. To Lakoff’s, media is one of the areas that women's language can be investigated. Instagram is one of the most popular media where many people including influencers promote their work. Sadaf Beauty is one of those influencers who shares beauty tutorial videos and beauty product review videos in her business page. In this research, her lect is analyzed based on Lakoff’s language and gender theory. Among Lakoff's gender-based language features, this business page uses lexical hedges to a greater extent and uses hyper-correct grammar to a lesser extent.
Other Related Issues
Hossein Rahmani
Abstract
Accepted in the background without argument or catching the attention of the addressee, presuppositions are linguistic structures discussed in semantics and applied pragmatics. Based on Yule’s popular divisions of suppositions - existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive and counterfactual, ...
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Accepted in the background without argument or catching the attention of the addressee, presuppositions are linguistic structures discussed in semantics and applied pragmatics. Based on Yule’s popular divisions of suppositions - existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive and counterfactual, this research aims to answer the following research questions: What are the most and least frequently used presuppositions? Which presuppositions are used by the powerful and powerless families and how is this justified? How are men and women different in their use of presuppositions How are presuppositions and plot line related? The finding showed that the structural and non-factive presuppositions are the most and least frequently used presuppositions, respectively. The powerful family members use more structural presuppositions in order to ask, find and complete their information. The powerless family members use more lexical presuppositions in order to help characterization of themselves and others and help the development of the plot. Although men’s use of presuppositions is higher than women’s, this difference in factive presuppositions is more obvious due to the men’s tendency to be more direct. Furthermore, the plot line and the use of presuppositions are inversely related.
