نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دکتری تخصصی زبان‌شناسی شناختی، گروه زبان های احساس دانشگاه آزاد برلین
چکیده
لازمة تعامل اجتماعیمؤثر پردازش ودرک صحیحنوای عاطفی گفتار گوینده است. گفتار عاطفی، که حاوی اطلاعات زیادی دربارة احساسات و مقاصد اجتماعی گوینده است،خود از تفاوت‌هایی فردی-جامعه‌شناختی همچون سن و جنس تاثیر می‌پذیرد که از این میان نقش جنسیت به اندازة کافی مطالعه نشده و هنوز محل بحث است. همچنین معدودمطالعات انجام‌شده، تنها عملکرد گویشورانزبانهای دارای وزن تکیه‌ای (همچون آلمانیو انگلیسی)را بررسی کردهاند. اما از آنجا کهنوای عاطفی گفتار، خود، متاثر از شاخصه‌هایزبان-ویژه، مانند تقسیم وزنیِ زمان، است و این شاخصه زبان‌های دارای وزن تکیه‌ای را از زبان‌های دارای وزن هجایی تفکیک می‌کند نگارنده بر آن شد تا قابلیت کاربرد نتایج این تحقیقات را در زبانهایی که تقسیم زمانی متفاوتی دارد بررسی کند. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر نقش جنسیت را در تشخیص و درک نوایعاطفی گفتار در زبان فارسی، به عنوان زبانی که وزن هجایی دارد و تقسیموزنی-زمانیِ آنمتفاوت است، مورد مطالعه قرار می‌دهد. بدین منظور در یک آزمایش رفتاری، از66 گویشور فارسی‌زبان خواسته شد تا نوایعاطفی مجموعه‌ای از متون صوتی نمایشنامه‌های معتبر را تشخیص‌دهند. این متون حاوی مجموعه جملاتی بود که واژگان موجود در آن‌ها به لحاظ محتوایی خنثی بودند و در پنج حالت عاطفی خشم، تنفر، ترس، شادی و غم توسطیک بازیگر خانم و یک بازیگرآقااجرا شده بودند. داده‌های این آزمونبا مدل رگرسیون لجستیکبررسی شدندو به طور کلی، نتایج نشان می‌دهند که: ۱) میزان تشخیص نوای عاطفی گفتار به صورت معناداری با جنسیتشنونده ارتباط دارد؛ بدین معنا که آزمودنی‌های مؤنث در مقایسه با آزمودنی‌های مذکرتوانمندی بیشتری در تشخیص تمامی مقولههای عاطفی گفتار دارند؛ ۲)تقسیم وزنی زمان (یعنی وزن تکیه‌ای در مقابل وزن هجایی) بر تشخیص نوای عاطفی گفتار تاثیری ندارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of general phonetics (Vol. 203). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Anvari, H. & Givi, H. (1996). Persian grammar (2 Vols). Tehran, Iran: Fatemi.
Arndt, H. & Janney, R.W. (1991). Verbal, prosodic, and kinesic emotive contrasts in speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 15, 521–549.
Babcock, L. & Laschever, S. (2009). Women don't ask: Negotiation and the gender divide. Princeton University Press.
Banse, R. & Scherer, K. R. (1996).Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. Journal ofpersonality and social psychology, 70, 614-636.Press.
Bertinetto, P. M. (1989). Reflections on the dichotomy ‘stress’ vs.‘syllable-timing’. Revue de phonétiqueappliquée, 91(93), 99-130.
Besson, M., Magne, C., &Schön, D. (2002). Emotional prosody: sex differences in sensitivity to speech melody. Trends in cognitive sciences, 6(10), 405-407.
Bonebright, T. L., Thompson, J. L., & Leger, D. W. (1996). Gender stereotypes in the expression and perception of vocal affect. Sex Roles, 34(5-6), 429-445.
Briton, N. J., & Hall, J. A. (1995).Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles, 32,79–90.
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2008).Gender and emotion in context. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives(pp. 395-408). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., &Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex‐role stereotypes: A Current Appraisal1.Journal of Social issues, 28(2), 59-78.
Castro, S. L., & Lima, C. F. (2010). Recognizing emotions in spoken language: A validated set of Portuguese sentences and pseudosentences for research on emotional prosody. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 74-81.
Clancy, S. M., & Dollinger, S. J. (1993). Photographic depictions of the self: Gender and age differences in social connectedness. Sex Roles, 29(7-8), 477-495.
Dauer, R. M. (1983). Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed. Journal of phonetics, 11, 51‒62.
Dollinger, S. J., Preston, L. A., O'Brien, S. P., & Di Lalla, D. L. (1996). Individuality and relatedness of the self: An autophotographic study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1268.
Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish& T. Power (Eds.), The handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 45–60). Hove, UK: Wiley.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6(3-4), 169-200.
Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, J. Cole (ed.), 207–283. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Fecteau, S., Armony, J. L., Joanette, Y., &Belin, P. (2005). Judgment of emotional nonlinguistic vocalizations: Age-related differences. Applied Neuropsychology, 12(1), 40–48.
Fraisse, P. (1982). Rhythm and timing. In D. Deutsch (Ed.), The psychology of music (pp. 149-180). New York: Academic Press.
Frank, M. G., &Stennett, J. (2001).The forced-choice paradigm and the perception of facial expressions of emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 75–85.
Gobl, C., & Nı́ Chasaide, A. (2003).The role of voice quality in communicating emotion, mood and attitude. Speech communication, 40(1), 189-212.
Haig, D. (2004). The inexorable rise of gender and the decline of sex: Social change in academic titles, 1945–2001. Archives of sexual behavior, 33(2), 87-96.
Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological bulletin, 85(4), 845-857.
Hall, J. A., Carter, J. D., & Horgan, T. G. (2000).Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives, 97-117.
Hall, J. A., & Matsumoto, D. (2004).Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion, 4(2), 201.
Hawk, S. T., Van Kleef, G. A., Fischer, A. H., & Van der Schalk, J. (2009). Worth a thousand words: absolute and relative decoding of nonlinguistic affect vocalizations. Emotion, 9(3), 293.
Herlitz, A., & Lovén, J. (2009).Sex differences in cognitive functions. ActaPsychologicaSinica, 41(11), 1081-1090.
Hosmer, J., David W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013).Introduction to the Logistic Regression Model. In Applied Logistic Regression (S. 1–33). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations.Psychological Review.99, 561-565.
Jassem, W., Hill, D. R., & Witten, I. H. (1984).Isochrony in English speech: its statistical validity and linguistic relevance. Intonation, Accent and Rhythm, 8, 203-225.
Kashima, Y., Kokubo, T., Kashima, E. S., Boxall, D., Yamaguchi, S., &Macrae, K. (2004). Culture and self: Are there within-culture differences in self between metropolitan areas and regional cities? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 816-823.
Kashima, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Kim, U., Choi, S. C., Gelfand, M. J., & Yuki, M. (1995). Culture, gender, and self: a perspective from individualism-collectivism research. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(5), 925.
Keshtiari, N., & Kuhlmann, M. (2016). The Effects of Culture and Gender on the Recognition of Emotional Speech: Evidence from Persian Speakers Living in a Collectivist Society. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 1-16.
Keshtiari, N., Kuhlmann, M., Eslami, M., & Klann-Delius, G. (2015).Recognizing emotional speech in Persian: A validated database of Persian emotional speech (Persian ESD). Behavior research methods, 47(1), 275-294.
Kimura, D. (1999). Sex and cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Koolagudi, S. G., &Rao, K. S. (2012). Emotion recognition from speech: a review. International Journal of Speech Technology, 15(2), 99-117.
Lehiste, I. (1977). Isochrony reconsidered. Journal of phonetics.5, 253–263.
Lima, C. F., Alves, T., Scott, S. K., & Castro, S. L. (2014). In the ear of the beholder: How age shapes emotion processing in nonverbal vocalizations. Emotion, 14(1), 145-160.
Lima, C. F., Castro, S. L., & Scott, S. K. (2013).When voices get emotional: a corpus of nonverbal vocalizations for research on emotion processing. Behavior research methods, 45(4), 1234-1245.
Lima, C. F., & Castro, S. L. (2011).Speaking to the trained ear: musical expertise enhances the recognition of emotions in speech prosody. Emotion,11(5), 1021-1031.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. E. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Matsumoto, D. (1989). Cultural influences on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 92-105.
McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 424–453.
Monrad-Kohn G. H (1947).The prosodic quality of speech and its disorders (a brief survey from a neurologist’s point of view).ActaPsychiatricaScandinavica, 22(3-4), 255–269.
Nobelius, A. M. (2004). What is the difference between sex and gender?Monash University webpage.Retrivedon October 16, 2014 from http://www.med. monash. edu. au/gendermed/ sexandgender. html(Created 23 June 2004 Monash University).
Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2007).Social learning of fear. Nature neuroscience, 10(9), 1095-1102.
Orbelo, D. M., Grim, M. A., Talbott, R. E., & Ross, E. D. (2005). Impaired comprehension of affective prosody in elderly subjects is not predicted by age-related hearing loss or age-related cognitive decline. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18(1), 25-32.
Oatley, K. (1992). Best laid schemes: The psychology of the emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rahman, Q., Wilson, G. D., & Abrahams, S. (2004). Sex, sexual orientation, and identification of positive and negative facial affect. Brain and cognition,54(3), 179-185.
Raithel, V., &Hielscher-Fastabend, M. (2004).Emotional and linguistic perception of prosody. Folia PhoniatricaetLogopaedica, 56(1), 7-13.
Rao, K. S., Koolagudi, S. G., &Vempada, R. R. (2013).Emotion recognition from speech using global and local prosodic features. International Journal of Speech Technology, 16(2), 143-160.
Roach, P. (1982). On the distinction between ‘stress-timed’and ‘syllable timed’languages. Linguistic controversies, 73-79.
Russell, J. A. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expressions? A review of the cross-cultural studies.Psychological Bulletin, 115, 102–141.
Russell, J. A. (1993). Forced-choice response format in the study of facial expression. Motivation and Emotion, 17(1), 41-51.
Patel, A. D., & Daniele, J. R. (2003).An empirical comparison of rhythm in language and music. Cognition, 87(1), 35-45.
Paulmann, S., Pell, M. D.,&Kotz, S. A. (2008). How aging affects the recognition of emotional speech. Brain and Language, 104(3), 262-269.
Pell, M. D. (2002). Evaluation of nonverbal emotion in face and voice: Some preliminary findings on a new battery of tests. Brain and Cognition, 48, 499–514.
Pell, M. D. (2001). Influence of emotion and focus location on prosody in matched statements and questions. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(4), 1668-1680.
Pell, M. D.,&Skorup, V. (2008).Implicit processing of emotional prosodyin a foreign versus native language. Speech Communication, 50,519–530.
Pell, M. D., Monetta, L., Paulmann, S., &Kotz, S. A. (2009). Recognizing emotions in a foreign language. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(2), 107-120.
Pittam, J., & Scherer, K. R. (1993).Vocal expression and communication of emotion. Handbook of emotions, 185-197.
Plutchik, R. (2003). Emotions and life: Perspectives from psychology, biology, and evolution. American Psychological Association.
Power, M., &Dalgleish, T. (2007). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Psychology press.Hove.
Ramus, F., Nespor, M., &Mehler, J. (1999). Correlates of linguistic rhythm in the speech signal. Cognition, 73, 265–292.
Robinson, S. E., &Kinnier, R. T. (1985).Sex and Order of Counseling Effects on Paired Role‐Play Practice. Counselor Education and Supervision, 25(2), 143-148.
Ross, E. D. (1993). Nonverbal aspects of language.Neurologic Clinics, 11, 9–23.
Russell, J. A. (1993). Forced-choice response format in the study of facial expression. Motivation and Emotion, 17(1), 41-51.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(6), 1161.
Safdar, S., Friedlmeier, W., Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., Kwantes, C. T., Kakai, H., & Shigemasu, E. (2009). Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 41(1), 1-10.
Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S. K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 2408–2412.
Sauter, D. A., Panattoni, C., &Happé, F. (2013).Children's recognition of emotions from vocal cues. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 97-113.
Sherer, K. R. (2003). Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms. Speech Communication, 40, 227–256.
Scherer, K. R. (1986). Vocal affect expression: A review and a model for future research.Psychological Bulletin, 99, 143–165.
Schirmer, A., &Kotz, S. A. (2006). Beyond the right hemisphere: brain mechanisms mediating vocal emotional processing. Trends in cognitive sciences, 10(1), 24-30.
Schirmer, A., Striano, T., &Friederici, A. D. (2005).Sex differences in the preattentive processing of vocal emotional expressions. Neuroreport, 16(6), 635-639.
Schirmer, A., &Kotz, S. A. (2003).ERP evidence for a sex-specific Stroop effect in emotional speech. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 15(8), 1135-1148.
Schirmer, A., Kotz, S. A., &Friederici, A. D. (2002). Sex differentiates the role of emotional prosody during word processing. Cognitive Brain Research, 14, 228–233.
Schlüter, J. (2005). Rhythmic grammar: The influence of rhythm on grammatical variation and change in English (Vol. 46). Walter de Gruyter.
Schneider,W., Eschman, A.,& Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime 1.0 user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychological Software Tools.
Sims-Williams, N., & Bailey, H. W. (Eds.). (2002). Indo-Iranian languages and peoples. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Schlüter, J. (2005). Rhythmic grammar: The influence of rhythm on grammatical variation and change in English (Vol. 46). Walter de Gruyter.
Surcinelli, P., Codispoti, M., Montebarocci, O., Rossi, N., &Baldaro, B. (2006).Facial emotion recognition in trait anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 110–117.
Szymanowski, F., Szymanowski, F., Kotz, S. A., Schröder, C.,Rotte, M., &Dengler, R. (2007).Gender differences in processing emotional prosody.Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(4), 102-103.
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological review, 107(3), 411.
Thompson, A. E., &Voyer, D. (2014). Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognition & emotion, 28:7, 1164-1195.
Ury, J. R. (1994). The nature of gender. Demography, 31(4), 561-573.
Van Rheenen, T. E., &Rossell, S. L. (2013).Auditory-prosodic processing in bipolar disorder; from sensory perception to emotion. Journal of affective disorders, 151(3), 1102-1107.
Vihman, M. M., Nakai, S., &DePaolis, R. A. (2006). Getting the rhythm right: A cross-linguistic study of segmental duration in babbling and first words.Laboratory phonology, 8, 341-366.
Wgner, H. L. (1993). On measuring performance in category judgment studies of nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17(1), 3-28.
Weitz, S. (1976).Sex differences in nonverbal communication. Sex Roles, 2(2), 175-184.
Wells, J. C. (2006). English Intonation PB and Audio CD: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Windfuhr, G. L. (1979). Persian grammar: History and state of its study (Vol. 12). Walter de Gruyter.
Williams, M. A., & Mattingley, J. B. (2006). Do angry men get noticed? Current Biology, 16, R402–R404.
Wilson, D., & Wharton, T. (2006).Relevance and prosody. Journal of pragmatics, 38(10), 1559-1579.
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological bulletin, 128(5), 699.
)